Tuesday 8 April 2014

A LOOK INTO THE SLAYER SLAIN

The title of the novel is intriguing.This terse phase contains the essence of the story where the main antagonist KOSY CURIEN , who is guilty of unwittingly killing the grandson of his old slave POULOSA is  redeemed by the love and forgiveness that the old slave shows to his master.

Poulosa's action of saving Kosy's daughter from a watery grave fills the latter with so much regret that he repents and thus the slayer is slain by the weapon of love.It is possible to discern several themes in the novel like the preponderance of the caste system , the desire to convert people to the christian faith particularly people of the upper caste like the old Brahman ,the difference in attitude and behavior of the Syrian Christians of the ancient eastern Christian faith  as against  those who have taken up the western Protestant faith.

The slayer slain deals predominantly with the evolution of the character of Mariam , the daughter of kosy curian . Mariam is a young women of nearly fourteen who has received a good education at the mission school run by the wives of the missionaries. The mission school in question is undoubtedly THE MISS BAKER'S SCHOOL, which had started functioning under the supervision of Mrs.Amelia Dorothea Baker in 1820.

The liberal education that mariam received at the mission school not only taught her the three R's it also gave a broad outlook on life , an ability to understand and analyze men and matters and to make her own decisions without fear. She did not totally reject  established customs and practices but she did question attitudes that only serve to encourage such social evils like untouchability and casteism.She is the dutiful and obediant daughter of kosy but she has a will of her own which enables her to speak out her mind to her father.

She is not the militant and aggressive type but she is able to achieve her objective by her gentle and intelligent persuasiveness.When her father arranges to have her married to the son of the rich Syrian landowner Ummen Thoma ,she was able to convince him that marriage to a gross un educated widower would only serve to make to her unhappy and wicked.Her arguments were so intelligent and reasonable that her father breaks off the contract of marriage even though such a social solecism was unheard of at that time.

As the weather is not good i am stopping today's writing will continue tomorrow, here we have windy rain and what about there???????????????????????

Sunday 6 April 2014

INTO THE SLAYER SLAIN

In my last blog i gave you a picture of the novelist and from today we are getting into the novel,"THE SLAYER SLAIN".
This short novel has the distinction of being the first of its kind in missionary literature.It has all the characteristics of typical novel in that it has a well defined plot and characters  that grow in stature as the story progresses.The story line is one that fulfills the purpose for which it is crafted viz for the instruction of young . It adopts the style of the omniscient narrator who stands apart and watches the events unfolding.Set in the picturesque background of Kottayam and Meenachil river the chief characters are the Syrian Christians who consider themselves as belonging to the upper caste and their servants who belong to the lower caste and are considered untouchables.

The events that are described in the novel are imaginative renderings of real incidents that have taken place in central Travancore and which are described at length by the missionaries in their annual reports to the parent society .All these characteristics support the claim that The Slayer Slain is a typical novel .In fact it may even be considered that this novel is the first novel in English written and published in India by a colonial master about the colonized .Again it is indeed the first novel written by a women missionary even though she has to share this position with her husband but for whom this novel would not have been completed let alone published .As a matter of fact it was Rev.Collins who translated the novel into Malayalam and published it with title " Khadhaka Vadhom"  .One hundred and fifty years have been elapsed since the publication of "Khadhaka Vadhom".

These are some features seen in this book that i would like to share with you from my next blog we will be entering deep into the novel so after reading this blog you feel like you have read the whole novel .



"READING A BOOK MAKES US A GREAT HUMAN BEING IN THIS BEAUTIFUL WORLD"

Friday 4 April 2014

SLAYER SLAIN'S AUTHOR

The slayer slain is a novel in serial form , was one of the articles that found  place in the first issues of the vidhya sangrah (cms college magazine) .The novel was written by Frances Wright Collins , wife of Rev.Richard Collins.Very little is known about Frances Wright expect that she accompanied her young husband to tropical India in order to take her place as wife of a missionary.She was not of a robust constitution and the heat and rain of Travancore didn't agree with her.

Trough she tried to carry out her duties of teaching and managing the household to the best of her ability she could not hold out for long.She was taken to the relatively cooler area of Coonoor where she took her last breathe in 1862. A plaque to her memory was erected by a grateful people and is to be found in the chapel of the CMS college Kottayam, Kerala,India.Apart from this she remains a shadowy figure about whom nothing very substantial is known apart from the slim novel that she wrote The Slayer Slain.

The introductory note at the beginning of the novel speaks of it having come "from the pen of lady who has since gone to her rest". However the style of the novel in the last last chapters is different and so it can be safely concluded that the novel was completed by the Rev.Collins because death had claimed Frances before she could complete her work of art.

The slayer slain and its author Frances have long been wrapped up in the mists of oblivion , pushed into the margins of memory. Though published in serial form in the early sixties of the nineteenth century  , neither the author nor her work has got the recognition they deserved. The missionaries of the church referred to Frances as merely as the wife of their missionary. Not a word of acclaim has been accorded to this lady for her crafting of this novel with its emphasis on the simple and the commonplace along with matters of weight and significance.

On the other hand merely referring to her as Mrs.Collins has created and perpetuated the mistaken belief that the novel was written by Frances Sarah Collins whom Rev.Collins married after the untimely demise of France Wright. It was her husband ,who no doubt ,encouraged her impressions of central Travancore into papers. He also had the tenderness to finish her novel and to publish it.Though their is a marked difference in the perception of husband and wife ,the fact remains that this work would never have been the light of day If Rev.Collins had ignored it.

See this is the beauty of love and respect that everyone need to show to everyone in their life.Love comes from care , respect, protection and dedication to one another which can be seen fading in today's world. I think you guyz have understood how important is the place of a special person especially women in our world without them the world won't go on.........................

Thursday 3 April 2014

THE SLAYER SLAIN

Today i would like to introduce a book which influenced me a lot and brought a courage and proud in me that i am a GIRL.

This is the first work that has been made ready which took its shape in the beautiful campus of CMS college by the hand a-nd imagination of Mrs.Frances Wright Collins from 1856-1865.It is a matter of great gratification that the whole background of the campus has compelled her to write about the strength of the greatest potential in human kind-LOVE .The novel depicts the society of that time and vividly reports the scenes of those days.
The contribution of the missionaries who were keen to impart knowledge and wisdom in the lives of many who were unexposed to the arena of literacy.

The Slayer Slain has several unique features to its credit.It is a book on men and women who lived in Kottayam ,Kerala ,India and its environs.The setting is typically 19th  century Kottayam and Thazhathagadi , the meenachil river which was clear and sparkling and in a sudden spate ,the paddy fields on either side of the river are green carpets for as long as the eye can see isn't this a beautiful sight which enriches our eyes. I wish i could see all these.......

Canoes were the chief means of transport ,cultivation is done chiefly by the slaves , the western Anglican faith which is slowly influencing the attitude of both Syrian Christain and the slaves.It was written by a white women who represents the colonizer even
though  it shows the human side of colonialism that is seen.  i think it is the fate of WOMEN either white \coloured  ,the author has been hidden for years.

Education has been the means of liberating women from the strange hold of patriarchy  as can be seen in the life of Mariam ,the heroine of the novel.The mission school established by the wives of the CMS missionaries was the first institution that gave young girls the rudiments of liberal education that would enable them to be responsible and capable women.It is also the first typical novel in missionary literature and it lays emphasis on the power of LOVE and forgiveness in Slaying the Slayer.

As literature holds  a mirror to history it is hoped that this novel will shed light on the social conditions that prevailed in central Travancore in the 19th century.It is a record of the way women has been able to progress after receiving the benefit of education and also serves to unveil the figure of the women author who has remained on the margins of memory for more than a century and half .This is great and beautiful work which is to be read by every women and bring changes in life in a beautifull manner.

Sunday 30 March 2014

DID YOU KNOW????????????????


Why do you yawn when you get sleepy??????????? To keep yourself up! A yawn is a show of deep breath that brings more  oxygen to the brain.It's a little like splashing cold water on your face.The oxygen gives your brain cells a little wake-up call.


Thomas Edison , the inventor of light bulb was afraid of the dark


Alexander Graham bell never phoned his wife and mother because they were deaf.

In space ,astronauts can't cry properly because there is no gravity.So their tears can't flow down their faces.



Coffee was discovered by goats !
it was about 850 AD that coffee was first discovered . There is a legend that an Araba goat herd Kaldi who lived in Ethiopia first noticed the strange effect of coffee plant when his goats were fed on it .He made a beverage out of it which had a stimulating effect.

The shortest complete sentence in English language is "GO" !


Aegilops 8 letters song , is the longest word with its letter arranged in alphabetical order.

In 1883 , the explosion of the volcano Krakatoka  , put so much dust into the earth's atmosphere that sunsets appeared green and the moon appeared blue around the world for almost two year.


How reindeer's survive in the extreme cold??????
By eating MOSS !
The moss contain a special chemical that help reindeer keep their body fluids warm when the reindeer make their yearly journey across the icy arctic region ,the chemical keep them from freezing !
 

Saturday 29 March 2014

CUMULATIVE RECORD 
AND GUIDANCE

The cumulative record is a confidential and systematic accumulation of significant factual information about an individual student while at school.It is a readily available permanent data about a child.

It is progressively developed and maintained over a sufficient period of time a give a summarized growth record indicating the direction and rate of development .The information written in  cumulative record is collected from different sources over a period of time.It contain useful and reliable information about the student   that may enable providing education ,vocational ,personal guidance and assistance to the student during the period of his stay in the school.
 
uses of cumulative record for a teacher as well as a guide
  • Helpful in student classification
  • Provides complete school history of the student
  • Helpful in making certificates
  • Helps in problem solving
  • Helps in proving personal guidance 
  • Helps in providing vocational guidance
  • Helpful in self-assessment
  • Helpful for employers
  • Helpful for giving individual attention
  • Helps in preparing progress report


 These are some of the benefits of saving a record for children but these thing does't happen in most of the schools' i think it's because both teacher and students have a tight schedule teacher won't get enough time to spend with every   
 child and other duties come in their way............ any way if teacher doesn't keep record is ok................ but she surely should find time to spend with students because its the beauty of teaching lies... 

Friday 28 March 2014

VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE (V.G)


The provision of VG in our educational has been necessitated by great changes in our society and this large world is becoming


more and more complex.Unemployment and underemployment are not necessarily due to lack of opportunities but i think it is due to the lack of information and support to find right job to right person. Students' are not been able to know what all opportunities are waiting for them because of their limited knowledge of occupations and of the narrow range of alternatives available to them.


This ignorance lead to unrealistic aspirations. Therefore i think we should assist our students to have more realistic career expectations through systematically organized VG programs in our schools and colleges.

NEED FOR VG  
  1. VG is needed to assist the students to choose the best career of their choice
  2. To strengthen educational system by providing motivation and meaning to education
  3. To help students understand problem and causes for unemployment
  4. Needed to provide information about occupational opportunities
  5. To help youngsters to prepare for and entering into desired profession
  6. To explore different information sources
  7. For vocational adjustment
  8. To ensure efficient use of man power 
  9. To stop wastage and misutilization of time , money,labor and brings economic prosperity to individual as well as nation
  10. To develop potentialities of youngsters to an optimum level
A country's economic stability depends on the working people and man power of nation for its development so if we raise our children with a correct value and definition for career we could be part our nations development.There will be a time when everyone will be satisfied with their jobs and life and thus prosperity runs through our life and we will be able to live a beautiful in peace , harmony and love for each others.

Thursday 27 March 2014

INTERFERENCE OF MALAYALAM ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING

The features of the first language find similarities and differences with the feature of second language,similarities facilitate and differences interfere second language learning.Malayalam ,as a first language ,exhibits these features of facilitation and interference when a Malayalee learns English after acquiring Malayalam.
Malayalam has major differences with English ,both languages belong to different families English belongs to In do-European where as Malayalam to Dravidian language. Unphonetic nature of English is heavily interfered by the phonetic nature of Malayalam.
Eg:-/o/ -on , one, won ,wolf
/k/ - kit , cat , school ,packet

The presence of silent letters in words is another reason ,malayalee have a tendency in the beginning to pronounce each and every letter they see in English words.
Eg:- r - girl
k -know
h - honest.

Malayalam is a syllable timed language where as English a stressed timed language.Malayalee have a tendency   to t English wrongly as syllable timed language which is due to the influence of malayalam.

"t" is a alveolar plosive ,malayalees wrongly pronounce it as retroflex sound which not in English use .

Malayalees pronounce "s/es" as /s/ /z/ and /iz/
Eg:- looks - /luks/ ,pigs - /pigz/ ,cases -/ keisiz/.

Past tense marker d /ed is pronounced as /t/ /d/ and /id/
Eg :- looked - /lukt/ ,filled - /fild/ , lighted -/laitid/
they do so in English because it is their familiar way in malayalam in which they are correct.

These are some of the problems in using English for malayalee but theoretical knowledge of relevant areas and sufficient practice can help the learners a lot in overcoming these kinds of interference.The beauty of a language is in its beauty of communication because language is primarily speech.

Wednesday 26 March 2014

TEACHING OF ENGLISH IN KERALA

Kerala is known as god's own country all around the globe.Here teaching of English stars from standard one.Most of the students can't use English accurately in speech and writing even as they complete school education.The study of English for years and years doesn't equip them to use any of the skills in that language satisfactorily.

According to me we should give prior focus of teaching English in Kerala.It fails to bloom the flowers of talents and standards of pupils in English language.Causal factors of this predicament are many and their are many obstacles and impediments to  overcome.



CHALLENGES OF TEACHING ENGLISH IN KERALA
  • Over crowded classes
  • Excess work load to teachers and students
  • Lack of refresher courses
  • Poor teacher education system
  • Wrong methods of teaching
  • Lack of good library facilities
  • Lack of good language lab
  • Limited exposure
  • Unsuitable curriculum
  • Inadequate number of periods
  • Defective system of evaluation
  • Unavailability of text books in time
  • Unavailability of learning aids
  • Changing policies of government
  • Over politicization of students and teachers unions
  • Lack of effective supervision and support
These deplorable conditions of English language teaching is not a peculiarity of Kerala alone.The same can be seen as the condition of English language teaching across the country.Any one who comes forward with new innovations are never given support but they are suppressed.Teaching is a profession which teaches all professions and it is the most beautiful and enjoyable profession seen in whole world .  




Tuesday 25 March 2014

PERSONAL GUIDANCE

Personal guidance is an assistance given to an individual to solve his social , emotional , moral and health problems. The area of personal guidance is the personal adjustment of the individual in different spheres of life.Lack of guidance may precipitate personal problems which would affect their efficiency ,happiness and make them maladjusted.Personal problems are mostly emotional in nature and hence are difficult to handle.Moreover,there is wide individual variation regarding the nature of social and psychological problems.The complexity of the causes and that of the person make personal guidance inevitable for balanced development of personality and optimal social productivity.

  1. It is required for the personal adjustment
  2. Essential for developing personal and social competencies
  3. Needed for avoiding the interpersonal tension and conflicts
  4. Used for setting up a harmonious environment between family life and vocational life of an individual
  5. Needed to minimize the gaps between personal aspirations and social demands
  6. Helps in taking decisions with regard to personal problems
  7. Brings happiness , peace and satisfaction in the life of an individual
  8. It helps the person to develop integrated and balanced personality
  9. To maximize personal and social success in life
  10. Needed to make up a harmonious society where everybody gets opportunities to excel and all enjoy living to that society.
These are some of the need for personal guidance in this busy world and stress out time i recommend my readers to get or assure proper guidance to yourself and friends before it gets too late.


Monday 24 March 2014

NEED FOR GUIDANCE IN SCHOOLS

                                The increasing complexities and stress of modern day living , everyday reports of lack of interest in studies , low achievement ,truancy, aggression,behavioral problems, suicide, drug abuse and the like call for provision of guidance and counselling for children and youth in schools.There is a greater need for guidance services now than ever before due to the rapid advancement in technology, emerging of new world order, rapid social change and fast changing value systems.
The secret of good education consists in enabling the student to discover and develop his potentialities for his personal happiness and social usefulness , to realize what are his talents ,aptitudes and in what manner and to what extent he can develop his best so as to achieve proper social adjustment and seek right type of employment. 


let's see how guidance help students    :-
1.To help in the total development of the student.
2.To cater to individual differences among school going children.
3.To improve the quality of education.
4.To enable students to make proper choices at various stages of their educational career.
5.It helps the child to recognize and use his inner resources,to set goals,to make plans to work out his own problems of development.
6.To help the students choose,prepare for , enter upon and progress in a career.
7.To check wastage and stagnation .
8.To minimize the incidence of indiscipline 
9.To improve vocational efficiency of students.
10.To minimize the mismatching between education and employment.
11.To help the exceptional children in their optimal development.
12.To develop healthy and balanced personality.
13.To tackle emotional problems
                                                 
             For this to realize, guidance should be an integral part of school system.They are the next generation who should lead our country so they should be stronger from inside and should have a good aesthetic sense.


Sunday 23 March 2014

GUIDANCE IN OUR LIFE 

            Life of an individual goes through different phases or stages during his life time.Guidance is an assistance or help given to person in the time of his difficulty.It may not be done by any professionally train person even friends,parents or siblings can do.  

Life become so stressed out when we become elder and elder ,seriously i have thought why are we keep on growing? how wonderful our childhood was with friends ,grand parents running around to catch us ohooooooo i feel so sorry to be have grown up but what to do it'z the magic of nature isn't?????

see these children all stressed out , childhood is the most beautiful time one gets in life and today's children poor guy's trapped inside books ,schools, parents what to do????? teachers and parents should be given some guidance  ,children should be given importance than their work..... children of this age will do anything to get love and affection........... When it was joint family system grand parents took care of children played with them ,taught them through stories i really miss my grandpa he knows about everything i ask ,their was an answer for every question ..... but he passed away it'z been two years......

I happened to meet a person in a computer service center , there was a girl working next to him she was so shy and talked in very low sound ,i told that person when she was gone that ,she is a nice girl and should be little bold and to my wonder he asked me about whom i was talking ,he even didn't notice the girl next to him because of the heavy load of work he had..............  i told him this stress could bring him some disease and he should take some time for relaxing.......
See men and women at work go through difficulties and a good counselor could tell them how they could do their job efficiently....... without stress but with joy ..............
This is a wide topic to be discussed i think i will tell you about my views on my next blog....... soooolong guyz have a great and beautiful  night



Saturday 22 March 2014

FREEDOM

Freedom literally means no restriction in anything , but actually does every one enjoy this????? i doubt that...As i am an Indian i surely can say here in Indian everyone doesn't enjoy this... elections are ahead and all politician's ohoooo participates are getting ready for their next make over.....sometimes i think it was better to be ruled by a noble king then in other time in a democratic  country....i am messed up. This year i am going to vote for the first time and i am excited....but i don't have an idea to whom should i vote for????


Yesterday my mom was telling me that i should support her person but i don't like to act to others mind i want your suggestion on this . This year'z election is going to be a real fight between the parties in India arise of a new party is giving the old parties some competition ..... let me see did the ruling party brought at least some of the promises they made on campaign during last time into action???? is the people of India fed up with  them??????

Last year in Delhi a college girl have been brutally raped and what did the authorities do??  Being a women herself a famous personality asked the media why dis that girl got out of her house after six pm??? what do you think about this?????? is this the kind of freedom we want to enjoy??? This whole world is everyone's only god is the owner ...........
During a strike day a pregnant lady got labor-pain and her husband at some cost found an ambulance and started to hospital but on their way the strike people stopped them and they destroyed the vehicle for getting into road ,that lady gave birth to baby inside the ambulance........ what do they think of themselves???? if they are into something they shouldn't get into others life but do it in peaceful way.... where are the human values gone????do they love only parties??what do they get from their parties????? while i was studying their was parties in college and when they declare strikes my classmates went to participate , when i asked them why the strike was they did't know , they are going so that they get food and money for participating and to my surprise they did't go  for one but in all parties strike isn't it wonderful??????
If an able police officer arrested any criminals or members of a party for an offence before they are put into jail phone calls from higher authorities will be there and poor officer have to leave them because he need to take care of his family otherwise may be gunda gang could kill him or anyone in his family........ is this freedom????
Our children , girl's , boy's , elder's not even our pets are safe to go outside.......children lost their freedom to play in rain , mud ,paint etc...girl's lost freedom to go anywhere ,choose their life,career.........boy's lost their freedom to mingle with friends no even boys because parents suspect that he may go into bad gang.........elder's lost freedom to walk on street , to enjoy their retirement as they want........... EVERYONE HAS LOST THEIR FREEDOM TO SOMETHING OR ANYTHING THEY LIKE TO DO MOST can't we change this??????? fear is the main reason ,give away your bad fear and bad dreams and built a world of colors and a land where dreams come true................ 

  

Friday 21 March 2014

IT 'Z ALL ABOUT LOVE

LOVE - The most beautiful feeling in the world

Guy'z what do you think love is all about ? I think it'z like a colorful rainbow , which forms after the rain and adds beauty to our colorful world and make our dreams. It is undefinable i think ,but i have heard people saying that love is blind ,care ,emotion and so on goes the list. I think it'z all about how one decides what it is to them. 

For me it'z a special feeling to someone or anything in the world ,did you guy'z know when first heard the song from the film ashiqui HUM ...TERE....BINA..ABB...REHEENAHI SAKTHEEE... made my hair rise uppp my brother wondered and started making fun of me ,at that time i didn't understand  anything but while their was a discussion about and they asked me and this came to me and i too narrated this to them my guide said it could be a different phase of love ,i remember while doing my bachelor read a poem in which the poet tells us that if  a feeling really get into someone  ,one's eyes dilates , he sweets , heartbeat rises and his hair rises up just like i have experienced.
I doubt in today'z world do we can see real love?????? as the stories we have heard in our childhood of prince and princess living happily ever after....... the feeling of trust on love has been vanished from our world......... no one trusts anyone they doesn't help the needy............why this has happened??? where'zz the goodness of human have vanished which god considered as next to him..........
Today even girl'z have started doing wrong thing'z and boy'z help them for there needs.i don't know where'z the world going everything nice and beautiful is being destroyed....... i don't know what will last in this world........... i want 
all the good people to sustain their goodness by doing good and if we all try hand in hand we could bring back the goodness and beauty to this world as the world was when it formed...................

Monday 17 March 2014

BEAUTY OF MALAYALAM LITERATURE

BEAUTY OF MALAYALAM LITERATURE
Malayalam literature (മലയാള സാഹിത്യം) comprises those literary texts written in Malayalam, a South-Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala.
The earliest known extant literary work in Malayalam is Ramacharitam, an epic poem written in the late 13th or early 13th century. In the subsequent centuries, besides a popular pattu ("song") literature, the manipravalam poetry also flourished. Manipravalam (translates "ruby coral") style mainly consisted of erotic poetry in an admixture of Malayalam and Sanskrit.[1] Then came works such as champus and sandeshakavyas in which prose and poetry were interspersed. Later, poets like Cherusseriintroduced poems on devotional themes. Ezhuthachan, a strong proponent of Bhakti movement, is known as the father of Malayalam. His poems are classified under the genre of kilippattu.[2]
Modern literary movements in Malayalam literature began in the late 19th century with the rise of the famous Modern Triumvirate consisting of Kumaran AsanUlloor S. Parameswara Iyer and Vallathol Narayana Menon. Kumaran Asan was temperamentally a pessimist—a disposition reinforced by his metaphysics—yet all his life was active in promoting his downtrodden Hindu-Ezhava community. Ullor wrote in the classical tradition, on the basis of which he appealed for universal love, while Vallathol responded to the human significance of social progress. Contemporary Malayalam poetry records the encounter with problems of social, political, and economic life. The tendency of the modern poetry is often regarded as toward political radicalism.
undefinedvaikom muhammed basheer

Early literature

For the first 600 years of the Malayalam calendar, Malayalam literature remained in a preliminary stage. During this time, Malayalam literature consisted mainly of various genres of songs. The most prominent among these were songs praising the goddesses of the land, ballads of brave warriors, songs related to the work of a particular caste and songs intended just for entertainment. Bhadrakali pattu, thottam pattu, mavaratham pattu, sasthanga pattu, nizhalkoothu pattu, sarpa pattu, sastham pattu, thiyyattu pattu, pulluvar pattu, mannar pattu, panar pattu, krishi pattu, thamburan pattu, pada pattu, villadichan pattu, onappattu, kummi and lullaby were some of the major sub-genres. These names were not used historically, but are used in modern times to describe the song genres of that time.

Ramacharitham

Ramacharitham is a collection of poems written at the end of the preliminary stage in Malayalam literature's evolution. It is the oldest Malayalam book available. The collection has 1,814 poems in it. Ramacharitham mainly consists of stories from the Yuddha Kanda the of Ramayana. It was written by a poet with the pen nameCheeramakavi who, according to poet Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer, was Sree Veerarama Varman, a king of Travancore from AD 1195 to 1208.[4] Other experts, like Dr. K.M. George and P.V. Krishnan Nair, claim that the origins of the book can be found in north Kerala. They cite the use of certain words in the book and also the fact that the manuscript of the book was recovered from Neeleshwaram in north Kerala.[5] Some experts consider it a Tamil literary piece. A. R. Rajaraja Varma, who heavily contributed to the development of Malayalam grammar, is of the opinion that Malayalam originated from ancient Tamil. Ramacharitham is considered a book written during the formative years of Malayalam. According to Rev. Dr. Hermann Gundert, who compiled the first dictionary of the Malayalam language, Ramacharitham shows the ancient style of the Malayalam language.

Early prose literature[edit]

List of early prose literature in 19th century.[7]

Allegories[edit]

TitleAuthorYearMakeOther notes
Sanchariyude Prayanam
(സഞ്ചാരിയുടെ പ്രയാണം - Sañcāriyuṭe Pṟayāṇaṁ)
Rev. C. Muller
Rev. P. Chandran
1846Translation
Paradeshi Mokshayathra
(പരദേശി മോക്ഷയാത്ര - Paradēśi Mōkṣayātṟa)
Rev. K. Koshy
Rev. Joseph Peet
1844Translation
Thirupporattam
(തിരുപ്പോരാട്ടം - Tiruppōrāṭṭaṁ)
Archdeacon. K. Koshy1868Translation

Plays[edit]

TitleAuthorYearMakeOther notes
Bashashankunthalam
(ഭാഷാശാകുന്തളം - Bhaṣāśākuntaḷaṁ)
Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma1850-1860Translation
Almarattam
(ആൾമാറാട്ടം - Āḷmāṟāṭṭaṁ)
Kalloor Umman Philipose1866Translation
Kamakshee Charitham
(കാമാക്ഷീചരിതം - Kāmākṣīcaritaṁ)
K. Chidambara Wadhyar1880-1885Translation
Varshakala Katha
(വൎഷകാലകഥ - Varṣakāla Katha)
K. Chidambara Wadhyar1880-1885Translation

Stories[edit]

TitleAuthorYearMakeOther notes
Oru Kuttiyude Maranam
(ഒരു കുട്ടിയുടെ മരണം - Oru Kuṭṭiyuṭe Maraṇaṁ)
<Anonymous Writer>1847Original
Vishathinu Marunnu
(വിഷത്തിന് മരുന്ന് - Viṣattinŭ Marunnŭ)
<Anonymous Writer>1848Original
Anayum Thunnanum
(ആനയും തുന്നനും - Āṉayuṁ Tunnaṉuṁ)
<Anonymous Writer>1849Original
Meenakethanan or Meenakethana Charitham
(മീനകേതനൻ or മീനകേതനചരിതം - Mīṉakētaṉan orMīṉakētaṉacaritaṁ )
Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma1850-1860Inspiration
Jathibetham
(ജാതിഭേദം - Jātibēdaṁ)
Archdeacon. K. Koshy1860Original
Aayalkarane Konnavante Katha
(അയൽക്കാരനെ കൊന്നവന്റെ കഥ - Ayalkārane Konnavanṯe Katha)
<Anonymous Writer>1873Original
Kallan
(കല്ലൻ - Kallan)
<Anonymous Writer>1881Adaptation
Pullelikunchu
(പുല്ലേലിക്കുഞ്ചു - Pullēlikkuñcu)
Archdeacon. K. Koshy1882Original
Vasanavikrithi
(വാസനാവികൃതി - Vāsanāvikr̥ti)
Vengayil Kunjiraman Nayanar1891Original

Novels[edit]

TitleAuthorYearMakeOther notes
Fulmoni Ennum Koruna Ennum Peraya Randu Sthreekalude Katha
(ഫുൽമോനി എന്നും കോരുണ എന്നും പേരായ രണ്ടു സ്ത്രീകളുടെ കഥ - Phulmōni ennuṁ kōruṇa ennuṁ pērāya ranṭu strīkaḷuṭe katha)
Rev. Joseph Peet1858Translation
Ghathakawadham
(ഘാതകവധം - Ghātakavadhaṁ)
Rev. Richard Collins[8]1877Translation
Pathminiyum Karunayum
(പത്മിനിയും കരുണയും - Patmiṉiyuṁ karuṇayuṁ)
<Anonymous Writer>1884Translation
Kundalatha
(കുന്ദലത - Kundalata)
Appu Nedungadi1887Original
Indulekha
(ഇന്ദുലേഖ - Indulēkha)
O. Chandumenon1889Original
Indumathee Swayamvaram
(ഇന്ദുമതീസ്വയംവരം - Indumatīsvayaṁvaraṁ)
Padinjare Kovilakathu Ammaman Raja1890Original
Meenakshi
(മീനാക്ഷി - Mīṉākṣi)
C. Chathu Nair1890Original
Marthandavarma
(മാർ‍ത്താണ്ഡവർ‍മ്മ - Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma)
C. V. Raman Pillai1891Original
Saraswatheevijayam
(സരസ്വതീവിജയം - Sarasvatīvijayaṁ)
Potheri Kunjanbu1892Original
Parishkarapathi
(പരിഷ്ക്കാരപ്പാതി - Pariṣkārappāti)
Kochuthomman Appothikari1892Original
Parangodee Parinayam
(പറങ്ങോടീപരിണയം - Paṟaṅṅōṭīpariṇayaṁ)
Kizhakepattu Raman Menon1892Original
Sarada
(ശാരദ - Śārada)
O. Chandumenon1892Original
Lakshmeekeshavam
(ലക്ഷ്മീകേശവം - Lakṣmīkēśavaṁ)
Komattil Padu Menon1892Original
Naluperiloruthan
(നാലുപേരിലൊരുത്തൻ - Nālupēriloruttan)
C. Anthapayi1893Original
Chandrahasan
(ചന്ദ്രഹാസൻ - Candrahāsan)
P. Krishnan Menon
T. K. Krishnan Menon
C. Govindan Eledam
1893Translation
Akbar
(അക്ബർ - Akbaṟ)
Kerala Varma Valiya Koi Thampuran1894Translation
Kalyani
(കല്യാണി - Kalyāṇi)
<Anonymous Writer>1896Original
Sukumari
(സുകുമാരി - Sukumāri)
Joseph Mooliyil1897Original
Saguna
(സഗുണ - Saguṇa)
Joseph Mooliyil1898-1899Translation
Kamala
(കമല - Kamala)
C. Krishnan Nair1899Translation

Apologues[edit]

TitleAuthorYearMakeOther notes
Rasselas
(റാസലസ് - Ṟāsalas)
Pilo Paul[9]1895Translation
Nandipa Deepika
(നന്ദിപദീപിക - Nandipadīpika)
Kunji Kelu Nair1895Translation
Rasalelika
(രസലേലിക - Rasalēlika)
Thatha Kanaran1898Translation

Malayalam novel[edit]

Notable Malayalam writers[edit]

The field of Malayalam writers include the following people, from various disciplines and periods.

Art criticism[edit]

Poetry[edit]

Modern Romantics[edit]

Other modern poets[edit]

G. Shankara Kurup (1900–1978)
Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon (1911–1985)
Edasseri Govindan Nair
N. V. Krishna Warrier
Thirunalloor Karunakaran
Vayalar Ramavarma
O. N. V. Kurup
Punaloor Balan
Akkitham
Olappamanna Subramanian Namboothirippad
Sugathakumari
M. Govindan
K. Ayyappa Panicker
Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan
Attoor Ravi Varma
Satchidanandan
Lalitha Lenin
Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri
D. Vinayachandran
Kureepuzha Sreekumar
Balachandran Chullikkadu
A. Ayyappan
Nellikkal Muraleedharan
V Madhusoodanan Nair
Attoor Ravi Varma
Chandiroor Divakaran

Post-modern poets[edit]

Fiction[edit]

Nineteenth century[edit]

Modern[edit]

Post-modern fiction[edit]

Children's literature[edit]

Sumangala
Nandanar a.k.a P C Gopalan
Shebaly
Sippy Pallippuram

Essayists[edit]

Literary criticism[edit]

Joseph Mundasseri (1901–1977)
Kesari Balakrishna Pillai (1889–1960)
Kuttikrishna Marar (1900–1973)
M. P. Paul (1904–1952)
K.Damodaran (1912–1976)
S. Guptan Nair ((1919–2006)
M. Krishnan Nair
M. N. Vijayan (1930–2007)
K. M. Daniel (1920–1988)
Sukumar Azhikode (1926–2012)
M. K. Sanu
K. P. Appan (1936–2008)
Narendra Prasad (1946–2003)
M. Leelavathy
V. C. Sreejan
S. Rajasekharan

Film criticism[edit]

Translation[edit]

Others