BEAUTY OF MALAYALAM LITERATURE
Malayalam literature (മലയാള സാഹിത്യം) comprises those literary texts written in Malayalam, a South-Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala.
The earliest known extant literary work in Malayalam is Ramacharitam, an epic poem written in the late 13th or early 13th century. In the subsequent centuries, besides a popular pattu ("song") literature, the manipravalam poetry also flourished. Manipravalam (translates "ruby coral") style mainly consisted of erotic poetry in an admixture of Malayalam and Sanskrit.[1] Then came works such as champus and sandeshakavyas in which prose and poetry were interspersed. Later, poets like Cherusseriintroduced poems on devotional themes. Ezhuthachan, a strong proponent of Bhakti movement, is known as the father of Malayalam. His poems are classified under the genre of kilippattu.[2]
Modern literary movements in Malayalam literature began in the late 19th century with the rise of the famous Modern Triumvirate consisting of Kumaran Asan, Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer and Vallathol Narayana Menon. Kumaran Asan was temperamentally a pessimist—a disposition reinforced by his metaphysics—yet all his life was active in promoting his downtrodden Hindu-Ezhava community. Ullor wrote in the classical tradition, on the basis of which he appealed for universal love, while Vallathol responded to the human significance of social progress. Contemporary Malayalam poetry records the encounter with problems of social, political, and economic life. The tendency of the modern poetry is often regarded as toward political radicalism.
vaikom muhammed basheerEarly literature
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For the first 600 years of the Malayalam calendar, Malayalam literature remained in a preliminary stage. During this time, Malayalam literature consisted mainly of various genres of songs. The most prominent among these were songs praising the goddesses of the land, ballads of brave warriors, songs related to the work of a particular caste and songs intended just for entertainment. Bhadrakali pattu, thottam pattu, mavaratham pattu, sasthanga pattu, nizhalkoothu pattu, sarpa pattu, sastham pattu, thiyyattu pattu, pulluvar pattu, mannar pattu, panar pattu, krishi pattu, thamburan pattu, pada pattu, villadichan pattu, onappattu, kummi and lullaby were some of the major sub-genres. These names were not used historically, but are used in modern times to describe the song genres of that time.
Ramacharitham
Ramacharitham is a collection of poems written at the end of the preliminary stage in Malayalam literature's evolution. It is the oldest Malayalam book available. The collection has 1,814 poems in it. Ramacharitham mainly consists of stories from the Yuddha Kanda the of Ramayana. It was written by a poet with the pen nameCheeramakavi who, according to poet Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer, was Sree Veerarama Varman, a king of Travancore from AD 1195 to 1208.[4] Other experts, like Dr. K.M. George and P.V. Krishnan Nair, claim that the origins of the book can be found in north Kerala. They cite the use of certain words in the book and also the fact that the manuscript of the book was recovered from Neeleshwaram in north Kerala.[5] Some experts consider it a Tamil literary piece. A. R. Rajaraja Varma, who heavily contributed to the development of Malayalam grammar, is of the opinion that Malayalam originated from ancient Tamil. Ramacharitham is considered a book written during the formative years of Malayalam. According to Rev. Dr. Hermann Gundert, who compiled the first dictionary of the Malayalam language, Ramacharitham shows the ancient style of the Malayalam language.
Early prose literature[edit]
List of early prose literature in 19th century.[7]
Allegories[edit]
| Title | Author | Year | Make | Other notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sanchariyude Prayanam (സഞ്ചാരിയുടെ പ്രയാണം - Sañcāriyuṭe Pṟayāṇaṁ) | Rev. C. Muller Rev. P. Chandran | 1846 | Translation | |
| Paradeshi Mokshayathra (പരദേശി മോക്ഷയാത്ര - Paradēśi Mōkṣayātṟa) | Rev. K. Koshy Rev. Joseph Peet | 1844 | Translation | |
| Thirupporattam (തിരുപ്പോരാട്ടം - Tiruppōrāṭṭaṁ) | Archdeacon. K. Koshy | 1868 | Translation |
Plays[edit]
| Title | Author | Year | Make | Other notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bashashankunthalam (ഭാഷാശാകുന്തളം - Bhaṣāśākuntaḷaṁ) | Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma | 1850-1860 | Translation | |
| Almarattam (ആൾമാറാട്ടം - Āḷmāṟāṭṭaṁ) | Kalloor Umman Philipose | 1866 | Translation | |
| Kamakshee Charitham (കാമാക്ഷീചരിതം - Kāmākṣīcaritaṁ) | K. Chidambara Wadhyar | 1880-1885 | Translation | |
| Varshakala Katha (വൎഷകാലകഥ - Varṣakāla Katha) | K. Chidambara Wadhyar | 1880-1885 | Translation |
Stories[edit]
| Title | Author | Year | Make | Other notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oru Kuttiyude Maranam (ഒരു കുട്ടിയുടെ മരണം - Oru Kuṭṭiyuṭe Maraṇaṁ) | <Anonymous Writer> | 1847 | Original | |
| Vishathinu Marunnu (വിഷത്തിന് മരുന്ന് - Viṣattinŭ Marunnŭ) | <Anonymous Writer> | 1848 | Original | |
| Anayum Thunnanum (ആനയും തുന്നനും - Āṉayuṁ Tunnaṉuṁ) | <Anonymous Writer> | 1849 | Original | |
| Meenakethanan or Meenakethana Charitham (മീനകേതനൻ or മീനകേതനചരിതം - Mīṉakētaṉan orMīṉakētaṉacaritaṁ ) | Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma | 1850-1860 | Inspiration | |
| Jathibetham (ജാതിഭേദം - Jātibēdaṁ) | Archdeacon. K. Koshy | 1860 | Original | |
| Aayalkarane Konnavante Katha (അയൽക്കാരനെ കൊന്നവന്റെ കഥ - Ayalkārane Konnavanṯe Katha) | <Anonymous Writer> | 1873 | Original | |
| Kallan (കല്ലൻ - Kallan) | <Anonymous Writer> | 1881 | Adaptation | |
| Pullelikunchu (പുല്ലേലിക്കുഞ്ചു - Pullēlikkuñcu) | Archdeacon. K. Koshy | 1882 | Original | |
| Vasanavikrithi (വാസനാവികൃതി - Vāsanāvikr̥ti) | Vengayil Kunjiraman Nayanar | 1891 | Original |
Novels[edit]
| Title | Author | Year | Make | Other notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fulmoni Ennum Koruna Ennum Peraya Randu Sthreekalude Katha (ഫുൽമോനി എന്നും കോരുണ എന്നും പേരായ രണ്ടു സ്ത്രീകളുടെ കഥ - Phulmōni ennuṁ kōruṇa ennuṁ pērāya ranṭu strīkaḷuṭe katha) | Rev. Joseph Peet | 1858 | Translation | |
| Ghathakawadham (ഘാതകവധം - Ghātakavadhaṁ) | Rev. Richard Collins[8] | 1877 | Translation | |
| Pathminiyum Karunayum (പത്മിനിയും കരുണയും - Patmiṉiyuṁ karuṇayuṁ) | <Anonymous Writer> | 1884 | Translation | |
| Kundalatha (കുന്ദലത - Kundalata) | Appu Nedungadi | 1887 | Original | |
| Indulekha (ഇന്ദുലേഖ - Indulēkha) | O. Chandumenon | 1889 | Original | |
| Indumathee Swayamvaram (ഇന്ദുമതീസ്വയംവരം - Indumatīsvayaṁvaraṁ) | Padinjare Kovilakathu Ammaman Raja | 1890 | Original | |
| Meenakshi (മീനാക്ഷി - Mīṉākṣi) | C. Chathu Nair | 1890 | Original | |
| Marthandavarma (മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ - Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma) | C. V. Raman Pillai | 1891 | Original | |
| Saraswatheevijayam (സരസ്വതീവിജയം - Sarasvatīvijayaṁ) | Potheri Kunjanbu | 1892 | Original | |
| Parishkarapathi (പരിഷ്ക്കാരപ്പാതി - Pariṣkārappāti) | Kochuthomman Appothikari | 1892 | Original | |
| Parangodee Parinayam (പറങ്ങോടീപരിണയം - Paṟaṅṅōṭīpariṇayaṁ) | Kizhakepattu Raman Menon | 1892 | Original | |
| Sarada (ശാരദ - Śārada) | O. Chandumenon | 1892 | Original | |
| Lakshmeekeshavam (ലക്ഷ്മീകേശവം - Lakṣmīkēśavaṁ) | Komattil Padu Menon | 1892 | Original | |
| Naluperiloruthan (നാലുപേരിലൊരുത്തൻ - Nālupēriloruttan) | C. Anthapayi | 1893 | Original | |
| Chandrahasan (ചന്ദ്രഹാസൻ - Candrahāsan) | P. Krishnan Menon T. K. Krishnan Menon C. Govindan Eledam | 1893 | Translation | |
| Akbar (അക്ബർ - Akbaṟ) | Kerala Varma Valiya Koi Thampuran | 1894 | Translation | |
| Kalyani (കല്യാണി - Kalyāṇi) | <Anonymous Writer> | 1896 | Original | |
| Sukumari (സുകുമാരി - Sukumāri) | Joseph Mooliyil | 1897 | Original | |
| Saguna (സഗുണ - Saguṇa) | Joseph Mooliyil | 1898-1899 | Translation | |
| Kamala (കമല - Kamala) | C. Krishnan Nair | 1899 | Translation |
Apologues[edit]
| Title | Author | Year | Make | Other notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rasselas (റാസലസ് - Ṟāsalas) | Pilo Paul[9] | 1895 | Translation | |
| Nandipa Deepika (നന്ദിപദീപിക - Nandipadīpika) | Kunji Kelu Nair | 1895 | Translation | |
| Rasalelika (രസലേലിക - Rasalēlika) | Thatha Kanaran | 1898 | Translation |
Malayalam novel[edit]
Main article: Malayalam novel
Notable Malayalam writers[edit]
The field of Malayalam writers include the following people, from various disciplines and periods.
This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Art criticism[edit]
- Guru Māni Mādhava Chākyār, author of the Nātyakalpadrumam theatrical study
Poetry[edit]
- Manipravalam
- Champukkal
- Niranam poets
- Cherusseri Namboothiri
- Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan
- Poonthanam Namboothiri
- Arnos Paathiri (1681–1732)
- Unnayi Warrier
- Kunchan Nambiar (1705–1770)
- Irayimman Thampi
- Kerala Varma Valiya Koyithampuran
- Kattakayam Cherian Mappillai (1859–1936)
- K. C. Kesava Pillai (1868–1914)
- Kumaran Asan (1873–1924)
- Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer (1877–1949)
- Vallathol Narayana Menon (1878–1958)
Modern Romantics[edit]
- Edappalli Raghavan Pillai (1909–1936)
- Changampuzha Krishna Pillai (1911–1948)
- P. Kunhiraman Nair (1906–1978)
- Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup
- Pala Narayanan Nair
- M.P.Appan
- Bodheswaran
Other modern poets[edit]
- G. Shankara Kurup (1900–1978)
- Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon (1911–1985)
- Edasseri Govindan Nair
- N. V. Krishna Warrier
- Thirunalloor Karunakaran
- Vayalar Ramavarma
- O. N. V. Kurup
- Punaloor Balan
- Akkitham
- Olappamanna Subramanian Namboothirippad
- Sugathakumari
- M. Govindan
- K. Ayyappa Panicker
- Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan
- Attoor Ravi Varma
- Satchidanandan
- Lalitha Lenin
- Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri
- D. Vinayachandran
- Kureepuzha Sreekumar
- Balachandran Chullikkadu
- A. Ayyappan
- Nellikkal Muraleedharan
- V Madhusoodanan Nair
- Attoor Ravi Varma
- Chandiroor Divakaran
Post-modern poets[edit]
- Adiyeri Gangadharan
- Anvar Ali
- A. C. Sreehari
- Manoj Kuroor
- Mohanakrishnan Kaladi
- M.S. Banesh
- P. P. Ramachandran
- Rose Mary
- S. Joseph
- Syam Sudhakar
- T. P. Rajeevan
- V. M. Girija
- Veerankutty
- Kavitha Balakrishnan
- Kattakada Murugan
- Satyan Madakkara
Fiction[edit]
Nineteenth century[edit]
- O. Chandhu Menon (1847–1900)
- C. V. Raman Pillai (1858–1922)
- Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar
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Modern[edit]
- Karur Neelakanta Pillai (1898–1974)
- P. Kesava Dev (1904–1983)
- Vaikom Muhammad Basheer (1908–1994)
- Ponkunnam Varkey (1908–2004)
- S. K. Pottekkatt (1913–1982)
- Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai (1914–1999)
- Uroob (1915–1979)
- Lalithambika Antharjanam (1909–1987)
- Malayatoor Ramakrishnan (1927–1997)
- K. Saraswathi Amma (1919–1974)
- P. K. Balakrishnan (1926–1991)
- V. K. N. (1932–2004)
- O. V. Vijayan (1930–2005)
- Parappurath (K.E. Mathai)
- Vaikom Chandrasekharan Nair
- K.Surendran
- Pattathuvila Karunakaran
- M. Mukundan
- Anand
- P. Padmarajan (1945–1991)
- Paul Zacharia
- M. T. Vasudevan Nair
- T. Padmanabhan
- P. M. Taj (1956–1990)
- Kamala Surayya (Madhavikkutti, Kamala Das)
- P. Sachidanandan
- N. S. Madhavan
- N. P. Mohammed
- Kovilan
- M. P. Narayana Pillai
- George Onakkur
- P.F. Mathews
- Subhash Chandran
- E. Harikumar
- C. Radhakrishnan
- Joy J. Kaimaparamban
- Benyamin
- Chandramathi
Post-modern fiction[edit]
Children's literature[edit]
Essayists[edit]
Literary criticism[edit]
- Joseph Mundasseri (1901–1977)
- Kesari Balakrishna Pillai (1889–1960)
- Kuttikrishna Marar (1900–1973)
- M. P. Paul (1904–1952)
- K.Damodaran (1912–1976)
- S. Guptan Nair ((1919–2006)
- M. Krishnan Nair
- M. N. Vijayan (1930–2007)
- K. M. Daniel (1920–1988)
- Sukumar Azhikode (1926–2012)
- M. K. Sanu
- K. P. Appan (1936–2008)
- Narendra Prasad (1946–2003)
- M. Leelavathy
- V. C. Sreejan
- S. Rajasekharan
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